ECONOMY

 Mercantilism meant the colonies provided raw materials for their Mother Country, and the Mother Country sold their colonies manufactured goods in return. The colony couldn't trade with anyone else. 
The American colonies had to accept whatever price they were given by their Mother Country for their products, no matter how low they were. The colonies were forced to buy goods from their Mother Country as there was no other way they could get manufactured products, even if they were produced by the goods which were America's property. In fact, Mother Countries just wanted to augment state power at the expense of the neighbour contries power.

The begining of slavery starts during colonization, Denmark started to import black slaves from the Caribean sugar colonies or even directly from Africa. During colonization, teaching slaves to read was prohibited, so that they would not rebel or escape with revolutionary ideas which came from Europe in their heads.

England, for example, owning 13 colonies took greater interest in the rule of the Colonies. At first the Colonies were proud of belonging to England, it was a series of events which ended up creating a revolution, the American Revolution. Just before it started, the King of England lost lots of money in the French and Indian War, this was because of buying expensive supplies for the War. He then wanted to pay his debt, and to do this, he implanted several taxes on the colonies without telling them. American colonies were overexploited, they were forced to work for many hours and they were used for the benefits of the Mother Country. They took advantage of them, to produce, sell and make money by making them work in crucial conditions, under pressure and with punishments.















Mother Countries didn't respect John Locke's ideas, the three rights of liberalism; life, liberty and property. As well as John Locke, the most important thinker and phylosopher of the Enlightenment, Adam Smith was also important, because of his ideas opponing to mercantilism and feudalism. Adam Smith believed that if the state provides the people freedom to manage their own economic devices instead of controlling it, the result would be a peacefull and more equal society, raising prosperity.
Just like Adam said following the ideas of liberalism, power controls people, it is like an invisible hand, full of ambitions, those ambitions are selfish, they do not envolve other people.
Both thinkers insisted that when government violated individual rights, people may rebel.


  Adam Smith                                                                                    John Locke
















                                                                       

MENTALITY

There were a few principales of the enlightenment that were against the church. The major idea of the Enlightenment was that the world and human life should be governed by rational rules. The thinkers of the Enlightenment believed that things could be understood through reason and not through supernatural factors. They did not believe in simply accepting the word of authority, wanting instead to see empirical proof of things before they accepted them.

The first principal was pantheism, this condtradicts the church saying that if god is in nature and reveals through it, why should we have interpreters, such as priests and bishops, and if he finds his essence in nature. The second one is trust in science, this talks about why should we believe in something that is not scientifically proved.

The next one was man is intrinstically good, says that if man is born to be good, there is no natural sin we are born with.

Rational religion is the one that goes after, this tell us about why should we believed in something that is physically impossible such as miracles, mysteries... This principal is similar to trust in science. 

The last principal and the most important one is the religious tolerance, consist of respecting and accepting other religions although you do not agree with it. 

There were three different points of view of the french revolution:

LIBERALISM
Liberalism is a political phylosophy based on ideas of liberty and equality. The french revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. Liberalism became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the notions, common at the time, of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition. Locke argued that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property, while adding that governments must not violate these rights based on the social contract. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and the rule of law.

Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of classical liberalism was conservatism, but liberalism later survived major ideological challenges from new opponents, such as fascism and communism

CONSERVATISM

Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The first established use of the term in a political context during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time. Edmund Burke, an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s. According to Quintin Hogg, the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959, Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself.

NATIONALISM

The origin of French nationalism and French patriotism is viewed to have begun with Joan of Arc who fought for France. French nationalism rose as a movement after the French Revolution in 1789. Napoleon promoted French nationalism based upon the ideals of the French Revolution such as the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity and justified French expansionism and French military campaigns on the claim that France had the right to spread the enlightened ideals of the French Revolution across Europe, and also to expand France into natural borders. Napoleon's invasions of other nations had the effect of spreading the concept of nationalism outside France. French nationalism from the 19th to early 20th century took on an assertive and extreme patriotism that supported military force to achieve its political goals.

SOCIETY AND LIFESTYLE

Societies changed a lot when the Industrial Revolution took place. 
During pre-industrial period, from 1750 to 1850, people used hand tools instead of machines which would help them perform tasks. The production was limited and simple, it worked as an agricultural economy.People’s work and social life mixed, as families lived on small plots of land, growing crops mostly for home consumption. Generations followed the lives of their parents, as they usually worked in the countryside. Children didn't use to work, they learned the basic techniques, such as milking cows for when their turn took place. Women worked at home, they fulfilled the basic needs of the house and sometimes worked as maids. Pre-industrial societies developed in rural areas, their idea of healthcare was very religious, they thought a physical illness was God's divine intention of purifying their souls, the factor of pollution didn't interfere in illness and health problems as the air was clean. Also medical care was a priviledge for nobles and people who had money. Money was a difficulty, most peasants that worked in their lands even struggled to meet the basic needs of their families, they were poor.

On the other side, during Industrial period, from 1820 to 1840, they started using machines in industries using external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and scale of production. With the use of machines the production was much bigger and effective as in the same industry many things and not just one could be done at the same time. Workers had no political rights and belonged to the low classes. They worked 10-14 hours a day, 6 days a week, and the working conditions were terrible. Government didn´t helped, they gave the workers the chance to live in poorhouses in horrible conditions, what is more, they had to live there with their families. Women and children were overexploited as it was cheap and sometimes conditions were even worse than for male adults. People didn´t live in the countryside anymore, they now moved on to live in the cities, where water and air polllution wasn´t good and there was lack of clean streets. Because of the tecnological changes there were fewer illnesses and better healthcare; more people are born and fewer die. This means life expectancy increased. 
The social classes changed, feudalism disappears and society was divided into social groups classified by the money they earned. People were equal before law, there are no privileges for the nobles and for anyone. There are more rich people, with powers, this was because you could be rich in more ways and if you were born with privileges you could perfectly lose them.  

TECHNOLOGY

CALCULATOR

There were many people who invented calculators in history. All of this inventions had something wrong. Poleni, in 1820 invented a four operation mechanical calculator, it first worked as an adding machine, until it started to evolve.
































THERMOMETER

The inventor of the thermometer is not defined, as many people acknowledged the merit. It was invented in 1724, but Daniel Gabriel Farenheit improved the method and the thermometer he invented is used nowadays. His name is used as a system of measuring degrees for temperature. It worked as a tube which contained water and gas (although later they used mercury). It showed how hot or cold the air was.

STAPLER

The stapler was invented by Samuel Slocum in 1841. Before the stapler papers, especially official papers which needed to be transported from one place to another got lost as the papers were lose. With it papers could be stuck together and they could be easily distributed.























SEWING MACHINE

Thomas Saint invented de sewing machine in 1790. Before it was invented, a lot of manual work had to be done by women, craft work was done and it was selled in markets, but it took a lot of time. Thanks to the sewing machine, work was much less. It was invented to lower down the amount of manual work and so that in a faster process you could achieve more reasults. It is used to stich materials together with thread.






















TYPE WRITER

Christopher Sholes invented it in 1868. This was a mechanical machine for writing in characters similar to those produced by printers.





HOT-AIR BALLOON
First human-carrying flight technology. The heated air inside of the balloon weighted less than the air outside of the balloon,allowing it to raise and carry a considerable amount of weight. In 1709 was built the first hot-air balloon by Bartolomeu de Gusmao







AMBULANCE

Vehicle for transportating sick or injured people to places of treatement for an illness. They were first used in the 1487 by the spanis

PIANO
Musical instrument played using a keyboard.It is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaiment, and for composing and rehersal. Built up in 1700 by Bartolomeu Cristofori















TELEGRAPHS

A machine that could send a clicking signal across a wire. Samuel F.B. invented it in 1837